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Tetracycline

Uses
Tetracycline is a bacteriostatic antibiotic used by veterinarians for the treatment of infections such as Lyme disease, Chlamydia, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms.

Availability
Tetracycline is a prescription medication available as capsules and syrup.

How this medicine should be used
Tetracycline is FDA approved for use in dogs and cats. The usual dose of tetracycline in dogs is 10mg/pound every 8 hours. The usual dose of tetracycline in cats is 9mg/pound every 8-12 hours.

Side effects
Side effects of tetracycline include vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and drowsiness.

Special precautions
Tetracycline should not be used in animals allergic to it or other drugs in this class. Use with caution in animals with impaired liver or kidney function. Do not use in pregnant, nursing, or growing animals since this medication may cause slowing of bone growth and discoloration of teeth. Give antacids, vitamin and mineral combinations, iron, or Pepto-Bismol at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after giving tetracycline. Use caution when given with digoxin or warfarin. Tetracycline should be given on an empty stomach.

In the event of an overdose
Contact your veterinarian or veterinary emergency room. Symptoms of overdose may include diarrhea, vomiting and lack of appetite.

Storage
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed. Store at room temperature, away from excess heat, light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Keep out of the reach of children and pets.

Erythromycin is an antibiotic that inhibits bacteria by suppressing protein synthesis and growth. Other related medications include azithromycin (Zithromax) and clarithromycin (Biaxin).

Erythromycin is effective against a narrow range of bacteria in dogs and cats. It is effective against bacteria that infect the skin, respiratory tract and sinuses. Erythromycin is not effective against intestinal-origin coliform bacteria (E. coli, for example).

Erythromycin is a prescription drug and can only be obtained from a veterinarian or by prescription from a veterinarian.

other
Erythromycin/Rifampin (EES/Rifampin) For Veterinary Use








Basic Information


The combination of erythromycin and rifampin has been the treatment of choice for Rhodococcus equi infections in foals for many years. Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It works by inhibiting the production of protein by susceptible bacteria. At the usual therapeutic concentrations, erythromycin is bacteriostatic and has a relatively narrow spectrum (including R. Equi).
Rifampin is a somewhat unique antibiotic that is used in combination with erythromycin. Rifampin penetrates abscesses and most body tissues including bone and CNS. This property makes rifampin particularly useful for the treatment of R. equi because one of the major problems associated with these infections is abscess formation. Rifampin should always be used in combination with another antibiotic because when rifampin is used alone, the bacteria are rapidly able to develop resistance. Rifampin can be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the specific organism and the concentration of the drug.



Horses


Infection due to R. equi is generally thought to be the most severe, bacterial pneumonia in foals. In addition to respiratory disease, R. equi can cause gastrointestinal disease, and less commonly, infections of the growth plate. R. equi infections can be both difficult to diagnose and to treat. The disease can progress sub clinically until the foal presents as a life-threatening emergency due to overwhelming infection and widespread abscessation. Fatalities can occur even with prompt diagnosis and treatment.


Side Effects


• The two most common side effects seen in foals due to erythromycin are mild to moderate diarrhea and hyperthermia. Occasionally the diarrhea is enough of a problem to require a change in antibiotic therapy.
• Foals on erythromycin are very sensitive to heat and possibly to bright sunlight. The mechanism of this hyperthermia is unknown but it is potentially fatal.
• Erythromycin is generally not used in horses one year of age or older. Severe, potentially fatal diarrhea can occur in these animals.
• Side effects due to rifampin are rare in the horse. In other species signs of GI pain, rashes, and increased liver enzymes have been reported especially with long term use. Rifampin should be used with caution in animals with decreased liver function.
• Rifampin can cause a harmless orange or red discoloration of urine, or other bodily fluids.



Precautions


• Most R. equi infections occur in the hot, dry weather, making the management of hyperthermia difficult. Many veterinarians do not turn foals on erythromycin out in the daytime, and may severely limit their turnout time in general. Should hyperthermia occur, aggressive cooling using water, fans or air-conditioning may be helpful.

• Although very rare, serious and potentially fatal diarrhea has been reported in mares whose suckling foals are on erythromycin. Extra care should be used to minimize or prevent any exposure to the mare. The water buckets and the foal's skin are common sources of exposure.



Drug Interactions


• Erythromycin is generally not used with chloramphenicol or penicillin antibiotics. Erythromycin can delay clearance of the bronchodilator aminophylline to the point of potential toxicity.

• Rifampin may increase the metabolism of some drugs that are also metabolized by the liver including chloramphenicol, corticosteroids, and anticoagulants. None of these drugs are likely to be used with EES/rifampin in the treatment of R. equi.



Overdose


• Overdose of erythromycin can cause severe GI side effects.
• Overdose of rifampin would increase the likelihood and severity of the previously mentioned side effects